Inside Matters

Professor Alexandra Johnstone joins Dr James McIlroy to explore what makes us hungry, what helps us feel full, and why healthier choices are rarely a matter of willpower alone. A conversation on chrononutrition, protein, food inequality, GLP-1 medicines and the future of public health. The big idea: Our bodies, habits and surroundings all influence how we eat. Better health therefore needs more than individual resolve: it needs practical advice, supportive environments and policies that make nourishing food easier to choose. Breakfast, body clocks and the timing of food Is breakfast really the most important meal of the day? Professor Johnstone’s answer is an emphatic yes—but not because breakfast has any magical property. Her research focuses on chrononutrition: the relationship between what we eat, when we eat it and the body’s roughly 24-hour circadian rhythms. The timing of the largest meal may not dramatically alter how much energy the body burns, but it can change how eating feels. A larger breakfast appears to help people feel fuller and may make a calorie-reduced diet easier to follow. The body also tends to be more sensitive to insulin earlier in the day. There is no universal clock-time definition of breakfast. A useful way to think about it is the first meal within two or three hours of waking. Fasting is a tool, not a loophole Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating can be useful for some people, but they are behavioural strategies rather than shortcuts around energy balance. Professor Johnstone favours including the morning meal and offers the practical reminder: eat breakfast like a king and dine like a pauper. What does a healthy breakfast look like? From traditional cooked breakfasts to fortified cereals, the conversation explores nutritious options while highlighting the difference between everyday foods and occasional treats. Hunger and appetite are not the same thing A clear and helpful distinction between true hunger and appetite, and why reducing eating behaviour to willpower alone is so misleading. Why protein is filling Protein is the most satiating nutrient. The episode dives into the science of satiety, the importance of whole-food sources, and why solid protein tends to be more filling than liquid forms. Fibre does a different—but equally important—job While protein excels at satiety, fibre is essential for gut health. The trade-offs and benefits of both are explored. The obesity paradox and fixing the food environment Obesity is strongly patterned by inequality. The discussion covers food insecurity, the obesogenic environment, retail promotions, and the need for policy changes that make healthier choices easier. Ultra-processed food: a debate that needs more evidence A nuanced look at ultra-processed foods, their role in the diet, and what the current science can – and cannot yet – tell us. GLP-1 medicines: powerful treatment, unanswered questions The benefits, limitations, and challenges of GLP-1 medications, including muscle preservation, long-term use, and access/inequality concerns. Alcohol, Mediterranean patterns and the value of connection The role of social connection, shared meals, and balanced enjoyment of food and drink. A practical takeaway: build patterns, not perfection Realistic, compassionate advice for building sustainable eating habits without shame or moral judgment. What comes next Professor Johnstone shares her vision for the future of nutrition science, including better guidance for shift workers, updated protein recommendations, and improved food systems. About the Conversation In this episode of Inside Matters, host Dr James McIlroy speaks with Professor Alexandra Johnstone, Chair of Nutrition at the University of Aberdeen. Timestamps: 00:00 Meet Professor Alex Johnson 01:53 Breakfast and Chrononutrition 05:13 Fasting and Eating Windows 07:59 What Makes a Healthy Breakfast 10:42 Hunger vs Appetite Explained 15:49 Protein and Satiety Science 18:20 Obesity Paradox and Poverty 19:53 Fixing the Food Environment 23:11 Gut Brain Axis and Weight Defense 27:06 Obesogenic Retail and Policy Changes 31:16 Alcohol Mediterranean Diet and Blue Zones 38:05 Why Protein Fills You Up 38:52 Protein Satiety Mechanisms 39:32 Amino Acids vs Whole Protein 40:48 Liquid Meal Replacements 43:49 Ultra Processed Food Debate 50:41 Scotland Diet Reality Check 52:37 Red Meat and Cancer Risk 53:47 GLP-1 Weight Loss Challenges 55:07 Microdosing and Inequality 01:04:19 Muscle Loss and Nutrition 01:05:50 Fibre Deep Dive 01:08:21 Sweeteners and Microbiome 01:10:44 Future Vision and Wrap Up

For years, the spotlight in microbiome research has been firmly on the gut. We’ve learned that diversity there is generally a good thing—linked to resilience, health, and better outcomes. But what if one of the most important microbiomes in the body follows completely different rules? In a recent conversation, Dr James McIlroy sat down with Professor David MacIntyre, Director of the Robinson Research Institute, to explore a rapidly emerging field: the female reproductive tract microbiome. What they uncovered challenges many assumptions—and could transform how we think about pregnancy, birth, and early life health. 00:00 Show Returns 01:34 Why Reproductive Microbiome 05:15 Low Diversity Health 09:24 Lactobacillus Protection 12:06 Human Uniqueness 14:17 Population Differences 16:31 Oral Probiotics Myth 19:25 Vaginal Biotherapeutics Trial 22:11 Host Immune Response 27:03 Dysbiosis Triggers 30:42 Microbiome and Preterm Birth 33:06 Labor Inflammation Pathways 38:10 Pregnancy Microbiome Shifts 39:11 Screening and Group B Strep 40:57 Microbiome Screening Potential 42:06 Global Data Predictive Signatures 43:23 Limits of Current Risk Tools 45:30 Point of Care Profiling Vision 46:50 Swab Mass Spec Barcoding 48:27 Composition Versus Host Response 49:58 Metabolic Dark Matter 52:13 Beyond Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi 55:48 Vaginal Probiotic Trials 57:39 Phase Two Trial Endpoints 01:01:28 Vaginal Microbiome Transplants 01:05:46 Birth Seeding After C Section 01:10:57 Do Vaginal Strains Persist 01:14:05 Ten-Year Personalised Medicine 01:17:45 Wrap Up And Where To Find A Different Kind of Microbiome When we talk about the gut microbiome, diversity is often considered a hallmark of health. The reproductive tract? It’s the opposite. In healthy women, this environment is typically: Low in diversity Dominated by one key group of bacteria: Lactobacillus This might sound counterintuitive—but it’s by design. Why low diversity works here Certain Lactobacillus species—particularly Lactobacillus crispatus—play a protective role by: Producing lactic acid, keeping the environment acidic (around pH 4) Preventing harmful microbes from growing Blocking pathogens from attaching to tissue Producing antimicrobial compounds In short, they create a stable, protective ecosystem. When this balance is disrupted and diversity increases, it’s often linked to: Infection Inflammation Poor reproductive outcomes A Unique Human Feature One of the most surprising insights? Humans are the only species known to have a Lactobacillus-dominated reproductive microbiome. Even our closest primate relatives don’t share this feature. That suggests this system evolved relatively recently—and likely offers a meaningful biological advantage, particularly in pregnancy and childbirth. The Link to Preterm Birth Preterm birth—defined as delivery before 37 weeks—affects around 1 in 10 pregnancies globally and remains a major medical challenge. The microbiome appears to play a key role, particularly in early preterm births. What’s happening biologically? In a healthy pregnancy, labour is triggered by controlled, sterile inflammation This process helps: Break the membranes (waters) Open the cervix Initiate contractions But if inflammation starts too early, it can trigger premature labour. Where the microbiome fits in A Lactobacillus-dominant microbiome helps: Keep inflammation low Maintain a strong mucosal barrier Reduce infection risk When this balance is lost: The environment becomes less acidic Inflammatory molecules increase The barrier weakens Risk of infection—and preterm labour—rises Once inflammation starts, it’s very difficult to switch off. That’s why prevention is so important. What Disrupts the Balance? Several factors can shift the microbiome away from its protective state: Antibiotics (even when used for unrelated infections) Sexual transmission of bacteria Hormonal changes Menstruation Hygiene practices like douching Even small changes in pH or environment can allow harmful bacteria to gain a foothold. Can We Predict Risk Earlier? One of the most exciting areas of research is using the microbiome as a predictive tool. Scientists are working towards: Identifying microbial “signatures” linked to higher risk Measuring both: Which microbes are present How the body is responding to them New technologies can now analyse a simple swab and generate a metabolic “barcode” in minutes—potentially enabling rapid screening. The long-term vision? Routine testing that identifies at-risk pregnancies early—before symptoms appear. Can We Change the Microbiome? If we can measure it, can we fix it? 1. Oral probiotics: limited impact Despite widespread marketing, there’s little evidence that oral probiotics reliably reach or colonise the reproductive tract. They may have indirect benefits—but they’re not an efficient delivery method. 2. Targeted vaginal probiotics More promising is direct delivery of beneficial bacteria. A recent clinical trial explored a vaginally delivered strain of Lactobacillus crispatus: Safe and well tolerated in pregnancy Successfully colonised the microbiome Showed early signs of reducing preterm birth risk A larger, definitive trial is now underway in the UK. 3. Microbiome transplantation Inspired by faecal transplants, researchers are exploring vaginal microbiome transplants. Early studies show potential—but challenges remain: Regulation Standardisation Safety at scale For now, this remains experimental. The First Microbial Gift: Birth The microbiome’s role doesn’t stop at pregnancy. During vaginal birth, babies are exposed to their mother’s microbes—an important early “seeding” event. Babies born via caesarean section: Have different early microbiomes May face higher risks of certain conditions (e.g. allergies) There’s growing interest in “vaginal seeding” for C-section babies—but: Evidence is still emerging Safety concerns remain It’s not yet standard practice A Shift Towards Personalised Pregnancy Care Looking ahead, this field is moving towards a precision medicine approach. Instead of treating all pregnancies the same, we may soon: Assess individual microbiome profiles Measure immune responses Identify personalised risk Apply targeted interventions early—or even before conception The goal? Not just preventing complications—but optimising pregnancy from the start. Why This Matters This isn’t just about microbes—it’s about long-term health. By improving the maternal microbiome, we may: Reduce preterm birth Improve newborn outcomes Influence lifelong health trajectories As Professor MacIntyre puts it, we’re on the cusp of a major shift—from reacting to problems to preventing them before they begin.

Dr Debra Silberg joins Inside Matters for a deep, wide-ranging conversation on gut health, drug development, and the future of microbiome therapeutics. Dr Silberg is the Chief Scientific Officer at Beyond Celiac, a former global clinical leader at Shire/Takeda and AstraZeneca, and one of the most respected figures in GI medicine and microbiome science. In this episode, we explore: • How she moved from basic science to medicine to pharma leadership • Why the GI field needed so much research — and how it transformed • The real science behind ulcers, H. pylori, and the Barry Marshall story • What she teaches in her popular “Understanding Your Gut” course • Prebiotics vs probiotics — what actually matters • The truth about gluten, celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and rising incidence • The microbiome’s role in inflammation, autoimmune disease, mental health & IBS • Whether microbiome drug development is finally turning a corner • Why the gut–brain axis may be the most exciting frontier in medicine Dr Silberg also shares insights from her work with Finch Therapeutics, her role at Beyond Celiac, and her experience advising the team at Biotics. If you’re interested in gut science, the microbiome, diet, or how modern medicines are built from the ground up, you’ll get a huge amount from this conversation. Be well, trust your gut — and thanks for listening. 00:00 Introduction to Dr Debra Silberg 00:54 Dr Silberg's Career Journey 02:26 Insights on Gut Health and Microbiome 04:05 Understanding GI Diseases and Treatments 07:41 The Role of Diet in Gut Health 15:59 Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity 25:04 Exploring the Microbiome 27:43 Exploring Therapeutic Approaches to the Microbiota 31:36 Challenges in Microbiome Drug Development 34:22 The Gut-Brain Connection and Mental Health 39:13 Transitioning from Academia to Pharma 41:45 Insights into Drug Development and Success Stories 44:55 The Long Journey of Drug Development 52:01 The Role of AI in FDA Reviews 55:04 Quick Fire Round: Future of Microbiome Research You must not rely on the information in this video as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of the information in this video.

In this episode, Dr James McIlroy chats with Dr Tanya Mongan, clinical associate professor and gastroenterology consultant at the University of Nottingham. Dr Mongan specialises in gut health, particularly the gut–brain connection and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). She talks us through the current state of FMT, why it works so well, and how it’s becoming an increasingly important treatment for conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. We also explore her cutting-edge research into microRNA-based medicines—a new field examining tiny molecules that can help protect the gut and may one day be used to treat conditions linked to an unhealthy microbiome, including cystic fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases. This episode breaks down the complexities of the microbiome in an easy-to-understand way, covering everything from the limits of current testing to the promise of personalised gut treatments. Dr Mongan also shares insights into exciting new tools such as organ-on-chip models, nano-delivery systems for microRNAs, and even zebrafish models used in gut research. If you want to understand where gut science is heading, what’s real and what’s hype, and how future therapies may become more precise and personalised, this is a must-listen. Chapter Markers 00:00 Introduction to Dr Tanya Mongan and gut health 01:51 Has the microbiome “bubble” burst? 03:45 The big challenges in microbiome science 06:13 What the future of microbiome testing could look like 12:45 Understanding faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 19:22 How FMT works and what current research shows 26:29 Why the microbiome is so complex 34:57 MicroRNAs: a new frontier in gut health 37:41 Where microRNAs come from 38:18 How microRNAs help protect the gut 39:00 Why delivering microRNAs is difficult 39:19 Nano-formulation: new ways to deliver microRNAs 40:37 The advantages of organ-on-chip models 42:02 Personalised “gut avatars” 43:58 Zebrafish and other models used in gut research 49:27 Clinical applications and future directions 53:17 Microbiome therapy and FMT in clinical practice 56:57 The future of microbiome research and treatment 01:01:23 Diet, supplements, and the microbiome 01:04:34 Weight-loss drugs and how they affect the microbiome 01:07:52 Fascinating facts about the microbiome 01:09:24 Final thoughts and wrap-up

Revolutionising Liver Health: The Link Between Gut Health, Genetics, and Lifestyle In this episode, we dive deep into the intricate connections between liver health, gut health, genetic predispositions, and lifestyle factors. Our guest, Gary, a seasoned physician and entrepreneur, shares his extensive experience from pioneering liver disease research in the 90s to running a successful metabolic clinic focused on functional medicine today. Learn about the evolution of understanding fatty liver diseases like NASH and MASH, the impact of processed foods, and the groundbreaking treatments emerging, including the promising effects of GLP-1 therapies. Gary also discusses the pivotal role of a clean diet, exercise, and quality sleep in managing liver health, and the challenges of implementing these changes in a clinical setting. Don't miss this insightful conversation packed with practical advice and forward-thinking approaches to improving liver and overall metabolic health. 00:00 The State of Food Quality in America vs Scotland 02:39 Understanding Fatty Liver Disease: Past and Present 05:29 Genetic and Environmental Factors in Fatty Liver Disease 08:13 The Evolution of MASH: From NASH to Metabolic Health 10:46 Emerging Treatments and Medications for Liver Disease 13:35 The Role of GLP-1s in Managing Liver Health 16:18 The Gut–Liver Connection: A Historical Perspective 19:07 Building a Successful Liver Clinic: Insights and Challenges 33:52 Understanding Metabolic Health and Genetic Testing 35:13 The Importance of Gut Health 37:39 Transforming Workplace Wellness Initiatives 45:48 The Future of Functional Medicine 51:30 Addressing Liver Health and Alcohol Consumption Takeaways The quality of food in America is declining, impacting health. Fatty liver disease is increasingly common, especially among those with higher body mass indexes. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in liver disease. MASH is a critical condition that combines fatty liver with inflammation. Advancements in GLP-1 medications show promise for treating liver disease. Gut health is essential for overall wellness and liver health. Guy Neff's journey reflects a blend of medicine and business acumen. Building a successful liver clinic requires navigating numerous challenges. Functional medicine is gaining traction as a holistic approach to health. Routine testing for liver health is crucial for early detection and intervention. You must not rely on the information in this video as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of the information in this podcast.

In this episode, Dr. James McIlroy interviews Dr. Ran Blekhman, an associate professor at the University of Chicago, about the microbiome and its role as 'our second genome.' Dr. Blekhman shares his research findings on the genetic and environmental factors that shape the microbiome, the heritability of microbial genes, and the relationship between the human genome and microbiome. They also discuss Dr. Blekhman's groundbreaking research that analysed over 168,000 samples to understand global microbiome patterns, the influence of early-life microbiome development, and the potential of microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Tune in for a comprehensive dive into one of the most promising areas of genetic and microbial research. 00:00 Introduction to Dr. R Blackman and the Microbiome 01:23 Podcast Growth and Listener Engagement 01:56 Starting the Conversation with Dr. Blackman 02:04 Exploring the Second Genome 02:24 Human Genome vs. Microbiome 03:23 Genetic Interactions with the Microbiome 04:02 Understanding Microbial Genes and Functions 05:40 Heritability and Environmental Factors 06:53 Microbiome Diversity and Heritability 08:57 Research on Microbiome Heritability 17:18 Baboon Model System for Microbiome Studies 18:56 Population Scale Microbiome Research 25:27 Global Patterns and Data Integration 33:36 The Untapped Potential of Microbiome Data 35:08 Hypotheses and Discoveries in Microbiome Research 36:46 Geographical Variations in Microbiome 49:18 Technical Challenges and Methodologies 52:20 AI and Machine Learning in Microbiome Studies 54:59 Future Directions and Clinical Applications 01:00:38 Exploring Early Life Microbiome 01:03:30 Conclusion and Further Reading

In this episode of Inside Matters, I'm joined by Dr Johan van Hylckama Vlieg, Chief Scientific Officer at Freya Biosciences. As a global leader in microbiome research, Freya is pioneering innovative approaches to women’s health through biotherapeutics that are rooted in groundbreaking microbiome science. 00:00 Introduction to Dr. Johan van Hylckama Vlieg and Freya Biosciences 01:39 The Potential of the Microbiome 03:08 Challenges in Translating Microbiome Science to Treatments 05:29 The Rise and Fall of Microbiome Hype 08:58 Immunotherapy and the Microbiome 20:37 Women's Health and the Microbiome 35:01 Tools for Measuring Vaginal Dysbiosis 35:31 Intervention Studies and Donor Programs 36:23 Engraftment and Immune Response 37:39 Strain-Level Analysis and Engraftome 39:08 Vaginal Microbial Transplantation 44:13 Single Strain vs. Consortia 47:15 Freya's Development and Future Vision 50:04 Lessons from Kaleido 01:00:47 The Gates Foundation and Global Health 01:03:45 Predictions for the Microbiome Field A Hidden World with Huge Potential Dr van Hylckama Vlieg has spent more than 20 years exploring the vast and complex world of the microbiome — the trillions of microbes that live in and on our bodies. These tiny organisms play a huge role in our health. Over time, science has moved from simply identifying these microbes to understanding how they influence our immune system, metabolism and overall wellbeing. Yet despite this progress, turning those discoveries into real treatments remains a challenge. Dr van Hylckama Vlieg explained that while the science is compelling, the industry needs solid clinical data to bring investors and pharmaceutical companies on board. He sees microbiome-based immunotherapy as a particularly exciting area where transformative breakthroughs could lie ahead. Why Women’s Health Matters Freya Biosciences has chosen to focus on the female reproductive tract — a part of the body where the microbiome is less complex than in the gut but just as important. Dr van Hylckama Vlieg spoke about the key role of lactobacilli in maintaining vaginal health. When these helpful bacteria are dominant, they protect against infections and support fertility. When the balance is lost, a state known as dysbiosis, the risks rise significantly. He also highlighted a wider issue — the historical lack of funding and focus on women’s health. This is something Freya and others in the field are determined to change, and their research is already moving things in the right direction. A Bold New Treatment: Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation One of Freya’s most innovative developments is vaginal microbiota transplantation or VMT. Inspired by the success of faecal microbiota transplants for gut health, this approach involves transferring a healthy vaginal microbiome into someone with dysbiosis. Early results are promising. Many women show a successful shift to a healthier microbial state. Looking ahead, the goal is to leverage the successes of these natural transfers and develop targeted microbial treatments that can be scaled up. This could lead to safe and widely available therapies that restore balance and improve reproductive health. Challenges and the Road Ahead Reflecting on his previous experience at Kaleido, another microbiome venture, Dr van Hylckama Vlieg spoke about the need for strong links between science, clinical design and commercial strategy. Though Kaleido faced setbacks, the underlying science remains solid and is being explored by others in the field. His outlook remains positive. With more trials underway and deeper understanding of how microbiomes influence disease, there is hope that these therapies will move from the lab into everyday medicine. Particularly in areas like immunotherapy, the potential to address root causes rather than just symptoms could be a game-changer. Final Thoughts Dr van Hylckama Vlieg’s insights offer a compelling look into a rapidly evolving area of science. As researchers and companies like Freya push forward, the possibilities for transforming healthcare through the microbiome are growing fast. From improving fertility to preventing infections, these tiny organisms may hold the key to better outcomes for millions — especially in areas of health that have long been underserved.

The Gut-Health Revolution | Dr Chris Damman on Nutrition, Microbiome & the Future of Wellness Dr Chris Damman brings decades of experience from the biotech world and leading global foundations to share his vision for the future of health and nutrition. In this episode, we dive deep into the transformative power of gut health and the emerging science shaping how we eat and live. Gut Health: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science Dr Damman explains why gut health is central to well-being, describing it as a “full-circle” return to ancient wisdom where food is medicine. Backed by science, he shows how whole foods can prevent disease and support healthier lifestyles, without being restrictive or unrealistic. Next-Generation Nutrition: The 4 Fs We explore the idea of “next-generation nutrition” — simple, practical ways to improve your diet with fibre, polyphenols, healthy fats, and fermented foods (the “4 Fs”). These ingredients, found in traditional diets around the world, play a key role in promoting longevity and gut health. GLP-1 Agonists: A Promising Yet Cautious Path Dr Damman discusses the potential of GLP-1 agonists — groundbreaking drugs that help manage appetite, weight, and blood sugar. While powerful, he emphasises the importance of pairing them with real dietary change to avoid over-reliance. Weed, Seed, and Feed: A Gut Health Strategy Using the analogy of gardening, Dr Damman breaks down how to support your microbiome: weed out the harmful bacteria, seed the good ones, and feed them with the right foods. This holistic model offers a sustainable approach to digestive health. Fermented Foods & Probiotics We also cover the role of fermented foods as natural sources of probiotics and why they may be more effective than many commercial supplements. These foods are vital for balancing the gut and reducing inflammation. The Future: Nutrition Tech & Smarter Choices Dr Damman is now focused on innovation, developing a smartphone app that helps people make smarter food choices by understanding nutritional quality at a glance. His work blends science and technology to make healthy eating both accessible and personalised. Conclusion Dr Damman’s insights are a refreshing mix of practical advice and scientific depth. From diet to digital tools, he shows how we can all take charge of our gut health and live longer, healthier lives. Look out for his upcoming book and app, designed to change the way we think about food. Chapters: 00:00 – Introduction to Dr Chris Damman 01:36 – What is Next-Generation Nutrition? 05:01 – How the Microbiome Journey Began 10:20 – Malnutrition and the Four Fs 17:59 – The Truth About Ultra-Processed Foods 23:22 – GLP-1 Agonists: Are They a Game Changer? 28:45 – The Future of Nutrition and Health 35:49 – Smarter Choices with Nutrient Profiling Tech 40:38 – How to Balance 'Red' Foods in Your Diet 42:11 – Healthier Baking: Tips That Work 43:25 – Personalised Diets for Your Microbiome 46:12 – Understanding FODMAPs and Gut Symptoms 51:51 – Microbiome Therapeutics and Supplements 01:01:38 – What’s Next for FMT (Faecal Microbiota Transplantation)? 01:05:00 – Gut Health Technology on the Horizon 01:10:55 – Final Thoughts and Takeaways

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy is joined by Professor Yan Yiannakou to discuss the developments in IBS treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often brushed off as little more than an inconvenience. But in a recent conversation between Dr James McIlroy and Professor Yan Yiannakou, a consultant gastroenterologist with decades of experience, it’s clear that IBS is far more serious than many realise. Their discussion sheds light on the true impact of IBS and the exciting developments in its treatment. IBS: A Closer Look Affecting around 10–15% of the population, IBS can be life-altering for some. Beyond the discomfort, it can seriously disrupt work, relationships, self-confidence, and mental health. Historically, because there was little visible evidence of physical disease, IBS was wrongly considered a psychological condition. Thankfully, this outdated view is changing. New research highlights real physiological changes in the gut, such as immune activation and heightened sensitivity, helping to validate patients’ experiences. Recognising the Symptoms Professor Yiannakou explains that IBS typically involves abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, bloating, and excess wind. Previously labelled a “syndrome” because its causes weren’t well understood, IBS is now recognised as a real disease linked to changes in the gut microbiome and immune system. Symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain that significantly affects daily life. Breaking Down Misconceptions A key part of the conversation tackles the myth that IBS is “all in the mind.” While stress can worsen symptoms, it is not the root cause. Dismissing IBS as purely psychological can deepen patients’ distress and delay proper care. Professor Yiannakou stresses the importance of treating IBS as the genuine, physical condition it is. What Causes IBS? Although the exact causes are still being explored, IBS often develops after a major gut infection, which can disrupt the gut’s immune system. Treatments are now moving beyond simply managing symptoms like constipation or diarrhoea, with more focus on addressing underlying causes, particularly gut microbiome imbalances. Hope for the Future Research into the microbiome’s role in IBS is opening up new treatment options. Early trials of microbiome-based therapies show promising results, but more work is needed to bring these breakthroughs into everyday clinical practice. Final Thoughts Professor Yiannakou’s insights highlight the urgent need for better recognition and treatment of IBS. Dispelling outdated myths and focusing on the true physiological causes of the condition offers real hope for those living with IBS. As research continues, the future looks brighter for more effective, lasting treatments. The conversation touches on everything from genetic influences on obesity and the challenges of sustained weight loss, to the exciting potential of GLP-1 drugs and next-generation probiotics. There’s also a fascinating look at how the microbiome might act as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in future medicine. Finally, Max shares highlights from his book The Power of Hormones, which brings together history, science, and practical advice for anyone curious about how hormones and the microbiome shape our lives. This episode offers an insightful look at where cutting-edge science meets real-world potential—and why the microbiome could be the key to a healthier future. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Yan Yau and IBS 01:02 Understanding the Impact of IBS 02:19 Symptoms and Diagnosis of IBS 04:41 Physiological Causes of IBS 06:29 Severity and Psychological Impact of IBS 09:31 Potential Causes and Triggers of IBS 14:22 Current Treatments and Challenges 16:30 Future of IBS Treatments and Research 40:39 Clinical Trials and Patient Involvement 42:32 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy sits down with Cory Greenberg, a professional cyclist and founder of Ride4IBD. Cory shares his inspiring journey from his initial diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while training as a professional cyclist, to overcoming the challenges posed by the disease. The conversation covers his approach to gut health in the context of athletic performance, insights into training and lifestyle adjustments, and his efforts to raise awareness through Ride for IBD. Listeners will gain valuable insights into how Cory manages his condition, optimises his performance, and aims to inspire others facing similar challenges. Through his story, Cory emphasises the importance of creating a sustainable lifestyle and offers practical advice for those living with IBD or looking to improve their gut health. 00:00 Introduction to Cory Greenberg and Ride for IBD 01:09 Cory's Early Passion for Cycling 03:39 Development Programs and Training 11:15 Diagnosis and Struggles with IBD 15:46 Managing IBD and Returning to Cycling 20:04 Diet and Nutrition for Gut Health 37:00 Practical Tips for Gut Health 41:16 Debunking Social Media Health Myths 41:44 Personal Struggles with IBD 43:16 Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease 44:54 Cycling as a Platform for IBD Awareness 45:39 The Genesis of Ride for IBD 47:13 Building a Global IBD Awareness Movement 50:10 Innovative Approaches to IBD Management 55:20 The Future of IBD Advocacy and Support 59:42 Practical Health and Fitness Tips 01:13:32 Connecting with Ride for IBD

In a fascinating conversation with Professor Max Nieuwdorp of the Amsterdam Medical Centre, Dr James McIlroy explores groundbreaking ideas and research surrounding the microbiome, hormones, and their profound impact on metabolic diseases. This insightful dialogue uncovers the remarkable potential of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and emerging pharmaceutical strategies in tackling obesity, diabetes, and even cancer. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Max and the Podcast 02:04 Max's Journey into Microbiome Research 05:06 The Power of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) 08:11 Microbiome's Role in Obesity and Metabolic Health 10:42 Challenges and Future Directions in Microbiome Research 14:47 Defining Obesity and Its Genetic Factors 18:39 FMT and Its Impact on Various Diseases 23:48 Optimal Diet for a Healthy Microbiome 31:07 The Power of Combining Probiotics 31:36 The GLP-1 Story: A Deep Dive 32:30 Mechanisms and Effects of GLP-1 Drugs 37:26 The Role of Microbiome in Weight Management 39:18 Selecting the Best Donor for FMT 42:27 Impact of Diet on Microbiome and Health 50:17 Future of Microbiome Research and Therapies 56:13 The Power of Hormones: Book Insights The Journey into Microbiome Research Professor Nieuwdorp's interest in the microbiome began serendipitously during his postdoctoral studies at UCSD. There, he encountered revolutionary ideas, particularly through the work of Jeffrey Gordon, which highlighted the significance of the microbiome long before it became widely acknowledged. An unforgettable early success with FMT on a patient with Clostridium difficile infection set the foundation for his enduring commitment to this field. Over the years, Nieuwdorp has been involved in pivotal studies, evolving his understanding of how microbiome therapies could be used in metabolic diseases and beyond. Understanding FMT and Its Role FMT has shown remarkable efficacy, especially in treating infections like Clostridium difficile. The discussion highlights an astounding 90% cure rate demonstrated in early trials, a feat Nieuwdorp describes as "seminal". Nonetheless, expanding this success to metabolic conditions such as obesity and autoimmune diseases remains a promising, yet ongoing, challenge. The Nexus Between Microbiome and Obesity While the connection between the microbiome and obesity remains a complex issue, Nieuwdorp emphasises how the microbiome's role in weight control is likely more significant over the long term—akin to directing an oil tanker—than as a quick fix. The conversation delves into why the body finds it easier to gain weight than to lose it, considering genetic predispositions and evolutionary pressures. This adaptability of the microbiome, combined with dietary habits, may significantly influence how our bodies metabolise and store energy. Revolutionary Treatments on the Horizon Emerging pharmacological treatments such as GLP-1 agonists are causing waves in medicine. These drugs, alongside the potential of next-generation probiotics, promise to reshape how obesity and associated conditions are treated. Intriguingly, research continues to suggest the microbiome might itself produce GLP-1, hinting at a future where therapies target these microbial mechanisms directly. The Path Forward: Microbiome as a Predictive Tool Professor Nieuwdorp envisions a future where microbiome profiling becomes a standard diagnostic and preventative tool. It has the potential to predict disease susceptibility, allowing for earlier and more personalised interventions. In parallel, the continued development of FMT and its derivatives may revolutionise treatments for a range of conditions, from cancer to metabolic disorders. The Educational Perspective: "The Power of Hormones" In addition to his pioneering research, Nieuwdorp shares insights in his book, The Power of Hormones, presenting a layperson’s guide to understanding hormones across a lifespan. This book interweaves historical narratives with scientific discussion to elucidate how hormones and the microbiome intersect in influencing daily life. This extensive dialogue with Professor Nieuwdorp is a testament to the potential of microbiome science and the exciting horizon that awaits both researchers and patients. As innovations continue, integrating microbiome knowledge with traditional medical interventions could profoundly change how we understand and treat human health.

Exploring the Human Microbiome with Dr. Joël Doré: The Future of Gut Health Science In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy engages in an enlightening conversation with Dr. Joël Doré, Research Director at the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (NRAE). With over 40 years of experience in microbiome research, Dr. Doré shares his extensive knowledge on probiotics, gut health protocols, at-home microbiome testing, and the gut-brain axis. The discussion delves into the intricacies of the human microbiome symbiosis, the evolutionary development of gut microbiota, and its impact on health conditions such as obesity and chronic diseases. Dr. Doré also sheds light on innovative treatments like faecal microbiota transfer and the significance of microbial diversity for a healthy gut. Tune in to discover how the future of medicine and nutrition hinges on understanding and leveraging the microbial human. Takeaways The human body consists of roughly 50 trillion bacteria and 50 trillion human cells. Gut microbiota aids in digestion and protects against harmful bacteria. Microbiota educates the immune system, keeping it ready to react. The microbiome develops from birth, influenced by diet and birth method. C-section births can delay microbiota diversification and increase the risk of chronic conditions. Diversity in the microbiome is crucial for health and chronic disease prevention. At-home microbiome testing lacks standardization and medical utility. Low microbiome richness is linked to higher chronic disease risks. Microbiome diversity can predict responses to obesity treatments. Acrimantium may play a role in health, but microbial ecosystem diversity is crucial. Fecal microbiota transfer can significantly aid cancer treatment. Probiotics may not establish long-term but can still be effective during gut transit. The 100,000 Microbiome Project aims to explore gut health across all ages. Gut permeability issues can lead to neuroinflammation and mental health challenges. Future medicine will focus on the microbial aspects of human health. Chronic conditions are increasingly linked to microbiome health. Dietary choices profoundly impact gut microbiota diversity. Research is ongoing to better understand the gut-brain connection. Preventive nutrition should consider microbial health as a key factor. Timestamps 00:00 Introduction to Dr. Joël Doré and Microbiome Research 00:32 Exploring Probiotics and Gut Health Protocols 00:49 At-Home Microbiome Testing: Strengths and Limitations 01:38 Understanding the Human Microbiome Symbiosis 02:48 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease 08:18 Microbiome Development from Birth 11:08 Impact of Birth Methods and Early Life on Microbiome 12:00 Antibiotics and Microbiome Diversity 17:48 Challenges in Defining a Healthy Microbiome 24:38 At-Home Microbiome Testing: Current State and Future Directions 32:51 Microbiome and Obesity: Insights from Research 34:21 Microbiome and Immunotherapy: Potential and Challenges 39:02 Prognostic Model and Microbiota Transfer 40:21 Mad Pharma: Pioneering Fecal Microbiota Transfer 41:50 Autologous and Allogenic Microbiota Transfer 43:53 Challenges and Innovations in Microbiota Transfer 51:25 Probiotics: Do They Work? 01:01:50 The Best Diet for the Microbiome 01:03:00 The 100,000 Microbiome Project 01:08:13 The Gut-Brain Connection 01:12:58 Vision for the Future of Microbiome Research 01:14:35 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In a conversation with Dr. James Kinross, a senior lecturer and consultant surgeon at Imperial College London, various aspects of the human microbiome are explored. He is also the author of "Dark Matter: The New Science of the Microbiome". Dr. Kinross discusses what constitutes a healthy microbiome and the challenges in analyzing it. The conversation also covers new research linking microbiomes to the effectiveness of cancer drugs, the concept of an 'internal climate crisis' within our guts, and the importance of the early life microbiome. Furthermore, Dr. Kinross shares practical advice on diet, probiotics, and the impact of social interactions on gut health. The dialogue concludes with insights into microbiome testing and its crucial role in both clinical settings and personal health management. Key Takeaways: Microbiome Complexity: The microbiome is like a newly discovered organ, vital for health but complex to define and influence. Understanding it is crucial for advancing medical science. Diet and Diversity: A diverse diet rich in plant fibres supports a flourishing microbiome, which can protect against chronic diseases. Targeted Therapies: Probiotics and microbial therapies hold promise but require more precise application and understanding to be truly effective. Prevention Focus: The most significant potential of microbiome science lies in disease prevention, particularly through early-life interventions. Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Dr. James Kinross and His Work 00:27 Exploring the Microbiome: Definitions and Challenges 00:46 Microbiome and Cancer Research 00:54 Analogies and Concepts in Microbiome Science 01:56 The Dog Microbiome: Insights and Comparisons 07:17 Microbiome Bubble: Hype or Reality? 12:09 The Importance of Microbial Conservationism 20:52 Antibiotics and Microbiome Scarring 28:00 Co-Evolution of Microbes and Humans 37:33 Practical Advice for Improving Your Microbiome 41:07 Understanding Biodiversity and Microbiome Health 41:48 Defining a Healthy Microbiome 42:28 Challenges in Microbiome Diagnostics 46:03 The Role of Diet and Antibiotics 51:51 The Controversy of Probiotics 58:08 Microbiome Testing in Clinical Practice 01:06:31 Microbiome's Impact on Drug Efficacy 01:11:14 Future of Microbiome Therapeutics 01:15:04 Practical Advice and Final Thoughts

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy is joined by Professor Anthony Hobson, founder and CEO of the Functional Gut Clinic. They discuss gut health diagnostics and treatments, focusing on the evolution of gut health understanding and therapies. Key topics include microbiome diagnostic testing, the importance of understanding gut functions, the impact of lifestyle on gut health, and the efficacy of various treatments for conditions like IBS and SIBO. The conversation also covers the development of non-invasive testing methods, the role of the second brain in gut health, and future directions for the Functional Gut Clinic and the field of digestive health. Takeaways Gut health is the interface between the body and the outside world. Understanding gut functionality is crucial for effective treatment. Education on gut health is lacking in traditional medical training. IBS is often misdiagnosed as a lifelong condition when it can be treated. The brain and gut communicate closely, affecting sensitivity and pain. Breathing techniques and hypnotherapy can significantly aid gut health. Placebo effects are powerful in treating gut-related issues. Functional Gut Clinic has evolved to offer a range of services. Tummy MOT aims to educate consumers on effective gut health products. Diet and lifestyle are fundamental to maintaining good gut health. The leaky gut is not as common as is often believed. There are actionable treatments for leaky gut, including glutamine. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial for gut health. The proximal colon plays a crucial role in digestion and gut health. Understanding gut function is key to effective treatment. FMT has shown promising results in certain patient populations. The microbiome's diversity is essential for gut health. IBS may not be a lifelong condition and can be treated effectively. Dietary changes should focus on moderation rather than restriction. A comprehensive approach to gut health is necessary for long-term wellness. 00:00 Introduction to Professor Anthony Hobson and the Functional Gut Clinic 00:54 The Importance of Gut Health and Functional Testing 01:23 Building the Functional Gut Clinic and TummyMOT Initiative 02:03 Listener Engagement and Podcast Support 02:40 Defining Gut Health and Its Importance 04:05 Challenges in Gut Health Diagnosis and Treatment 09:32 The Brain-Gut Connection and Sensitisation Studies 13:06 The Role of Breathing Techniques and Hypnotherapy 17:57 Debunking Myths and Raising Standards in Gut Health 27:23 Fundamentals of Maintaining Good Gut Health 35:34 Understanding the Migrating Motor Complex 36:36 Spacing Out Meals for Gut Health 37:27 The Role of Coffee in Digestion 37:58 Exploring Leaky Gut Syndrome 44:18 Alcohol and Gut Health 48:41 The Fascinating Proximal Colon 01:04:29 Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 01:13:24 Future of Digestive Health and Functional Gut Clinic

In this conversation, Dr James McIlroy and Emma Storey-Gordon discuss common myths and misconceptions surrounding health, fitness, and nutrition. They explore the law of diminishing returns in exercise, the latest science in nutrition including fasting and protein consumption, and the importance of meal timing and insulin sensitivity. Emma shares practical advice on setting nutrition targets, the gradual increase of fibre intake for gut health, and the role of supplements. They also touch on the individualized approach needed for training during menopause and the importance of community in building a successful health and fitness business. Takeaways Just do something, just move. The law of diminishing returns applies to exercise. Meal timing can impact insulin sensitivity. Setting realistic nutrition targets is crucial. Gradually increase fibre intake to avoid discomfort. Personalized nutrition is often marketed but not always practical. Exercise has profound effects on mental health. Community and environment play a key role in business success. You need to treat individuals as unique cases in health. Start slow but keep it engaging to avoid boredom. Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Health Myths and Misconceptions 03:01 The Law of Diminishing Returns in Exercise 05:56 Nutrition Science: Fasting and Protein Consumption 09:08 The Importance of Meal Timing and Insulin Sensitivity 11:58 Practical Nutrition: Setting Targets for Protein and Veggies 14:52 Gut Health: Building Up Fiber Intake Gradually 17:52 The Role of Supplements and Personalized Nutrition 20:59 The Impact of Exercise on Mental and Physical Health 23:44 Menopause: Individualized Approaches to Training 27:01 Building a Business in Health and Fitness 29:53 The Importance of Community and Environment in Business 32:47 Final Thoughts on Health, Nutrition, and Business

The following is a conversation with Dr. Momo Vuyisich, co-founder and chief scientific officer at Viome . Viome is a life sciences company that analyses the activities in your oral microbiome, gut microbiome, and blood using RNA, essentially measuring gene expression. This gives the company the ability to be able to assess what the microbiome in these various areas of the body is doing and gives insights into potentially how that links to diseases, which gives you personalised recommendations for how to improve your microbiomes through your environment. So basically your diet. Their vision is that in the future, through the analysis of all of this data, they're able to make predictive bets on who is at higher risk of developing particular diseases and issues due to the composition and function of the microbiome. Momo is an amazing communicator. You'll learn about. the microbiome and its importance in gut health. You'll hear about his own story in terms of how he managed to cure chronic disease through his own diet. You'll hear about his vision for Viome, how the pharma industry works in his opinion, and how things are going to improve over the coming decades. Fascinating discussion, I enjoyed it. I wanted to thank Momo for coming on as such a busy person. Now, with the introduction done, I wanted to say thank you to all of our listeners for supporting the podcast. Some of you are listening to every single episode and sending feedback about the episode, what you liked, what you didn't like, and what you learned. We've been going now for a year and a half. And we're loving every single moment and the feedback from listeners makes it all worthwhile. So if you're enjoying it and you haven't yet liked and subscribed, please hover your finger over that button and give us a five-star review. 00:00:00 Intro 00:05:27 Momo’s vision 00:08:08 Is science improving human health? 00:15:58 Applying science to big health problems 00:18:11 Human genome 00:27:46 Vaccines with probiotics? 00:36:27 Is the microbiome undervalued? 00:45:59 Next gen RNA sequencing 00:52:37 Building Viome 00:58:34 Preventing all disease through diet 01:00:41 Sialic acids 01:11:16 Food industry 01:14:24 Importance of sleep

The following is a conversation with Professor Jack Gilbert, a professor at the University of California, San Diego, along with his many other very interesting titles and job roles. This includes the co-founder of the Earth Microbiome Project, the American Gut Project, and also featured in the very popular recent Netflix documentary, Hack Your Health. He is a master of the microbiome. We covered all aspects of the microbiome, the ocean, the soil, how it could impact climate change, and gut health, responses to drugs. Takeaways The microbiome has a significant impact on various aspects of our health, including gut health, responses to drugs, and even climate change. A diverse and healthy diet, with a focus on consuming a variety of plants, is crucial for promoting a beneficial microbiome. Understanding the dynamic nature of the microbiome and its mechanisms is essential for developing effective therapies. Changing behaviours and promoting adherence to therapies and dietary recommendations can be challenging, but finding solutions that align with our culture can help overcome these barriers. Probiotics and the microbiome have the potential to improve human health and address environmental challenges. Quantifying the microbiome is crucial for understanding its role in health and disease. Urgent action is needed to address climate change, and microbiology can play a role in improving soil health and mitigating its effects. The gut-brain axis is an important area of research, and microbiome-based therapies show promise for mental health. 00:00 Introduction to Professor Jack Gilbert and his work 02:20 The impact of the microbiome on climate change 04:16 The role of diet in promoting a beneficial microbiome 07:03 Precision ecology: Understanding the dynamic nature of the microbiome 09:23 Challenges and solutions in promoting behaviour change for microbiome health 17:52 The importance of time in studying the microbiome 30:08 Parallels and commonalities between different microbiomes 39:19 The future of microbiome research and therapies 44:59 Probiotic Building Materials 48:33 Revolutionizing Microbiome Sample Collection 56:55 Microbiome-Based Therapies for IVF Success 01:09:29 Addressing Climate Change through Microbiology 01:19:21 Urgent Action and Application of Microbial Therapies 01:23:01 The Gut-Brain Axis and Mental Health

Learn more about this episode's guest and the topics discussed - https://insidematters.health/ In this conversation, Dr James McIlroy and Mads Friis discuss the fundamentals of health and wellness. They cover topics such as mindset, sleep, diet, alcohol, and the importance of social relationships. Mads emphasizes the importance of eating real food, including fruits, vegetables, and berries. He also highlights the significance of getting enough protein and staying hydrated. While alcohol can be enjoyed in moderation, it is not recommended for optimal sleep quality. The conversation emphasizes the need to focus on the fundamentals of health before diving into more advanced biohacking techniques. In this conversation, Mads discusses the importance of sleep and the limitations of sleep trackers. He emphasizes the need for balance in biohacking and the importance of focusing on the fundamentals of health. He also criticizes the food industry and the misinformation surrounding nutrition. Mads shares his insights on movement, light exposure, and the benefits of cold water immersion, sauna, and breathwork. He concludes by discussing his book on habits and his future plans in the biohacking space. Takeaways Focus on the fundamentals of health, including mindset, sleep, diet, exercise, social relationships, and hydration. Eat real food that your grand grandma would recognise as food. Ensure you are getting enough protein to support your body's needs. Moderate alcohol consumption and be mindful of its impact on sleep quality. Prioritize social connections and relationships for overall well-being. Start with the basics before diving into advanced biohacking techniques. Sleep trackers may not provide accurate information about sleep stages, and focusing too much on sleep data can lead to unnecessary stress. Biohacking should be approached with balance and not become an obsession. It's important to focus on the fundamentals of health, such as movement, light exposure, and proper nutrition. The food industry plays a significant role in the current health crisis, and there is a need for more education and awareness about healthy eating. Cold water immersion, sauna, and breathwork can have various health benefits, but it's important to find the right balance and not overdo it. Mads has written a book on habits and plans to explore other topics in the future, such as sleep, biohacking, and longevity Timecodes: Introduction to Mads Friis and his journey 02:29 The State of Health and Wellness 04:28 The Fundamentals of Health: Mindset, Sleep, Diet, Movement, Social Relationships 07:50 Mads Friis' Journey and Entrepreneurship 09:47 The Importance of Getting the Fundamentals Right 14:16 Cutting-Edge Biohacking and Individual Differences 20:05 The Role of Diet: Eating Real Food and Protein Intake 25:24 The Controversy of Alcohol and the Importance of Hydration 32:05 The Impact of Alcohol on Sleep Quality 36:29 Mindset and Enjoyment of Healthy Choices 39:45 The Limitations of Sleep Trackers 42:04 The Importance of Balance in Biohacking 44:15 The Fundamentals of Health 46:26 Exploring Cold Water Immersion, Sauna, and Breathwork 48:01 The Role of Supplements and the Food Industry 53:42 The Benefits of Movement and Light Exposure 55:53 Finding the Right Balance in Biohacking 58:19 The Influence of the Food Industry 01:08:38 Exploring Hyperbaric Oxygen Chambers and Other Biohacks 01:15:42 Mads's Book on Habits and Future Plans You must not rely on the information in this video as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of the information in this video.

The following is a conversation with Dr. Jenna Macciochi , an immunologist, twice-published author, TEDx speaker, public speaker, and all-around immune system expert. It was an absolute pleasure and honour to have her in the studio today to talk about all things immune system. gut health, the microbiome, and even things like how do we improve the health of society more generally. Jenna truly is an expert. She's amazing at communicating and breaking down complicated concepts so that they're easy to understand for the listener. I learned an absolute ton over the course of this conversation and I'm sure you will too. If you have an interest in the immune system, why you catch a cold, what you can do to maybe prevent you from getting a cold, how to keep your immune system in top shape, how it changes as you age, and just more generally how to live a longer, healthier, happier life, you're going to get something out of today's conversation. Timecodes: 00:00:00 Intro 00:01:55 Interest in the immune system 00:05:04 Science of staying well 00:09:08 Avoiding burn out 00:16:45 Immune system components 00:20:41 “I never get sick” 00:24:50 Not catching a cold 00:35:15 What’s important for immune system 00:43:36 Immune system age 00:49:05 Taking supplements 00:51:03 How important is sleep? 01:00:18 Strong immune system in children 01:03:09 Stress and the immune system 01:05:01 Social media misconceptions 01:14:21 Importance of making food 01:18:07 Link between microbiome and immune health 01:22:28 Helping children eat healthily

The following is a conversation with Dr Saman Maleki, associate professor at Western University with a special focus on oncology, immuno oncology, microbiology, and everything to do with the immune system and the microbiome. Dr Maleki is a pioneer and a world leader in the field of sensitising tumours to immunotherapy through modulating the microbiome. During this conversation, we talked about the state of the art associated with the microbiome and cancer. So if you're interested in how cancer impacts the microbiome and how the microbiome impacts cancer you should listen to this episode. We delved into what the latest evidence is for the use of FMT in making a particular type of cancer therapy called immunotherapy better for treating particular cancers. We talked about the journey from doing the first trials to the area where they are now, which is raising funds to do much larger trials that should definitively prove that changing the microbiome can massively improve response rates to cancer therapies. Even as someone who's got their finger on the pulse of this field, I left the conversation enthusiastic and excited about the potential in the future for developing efficient microbiome treatments to tackle cancer. 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:38 First interest in the microbiome 00:05:46 FMT for C-Diff patients 00:09:11 Using the immune system to treat cancer 00:19:03 Microbiome research for oncology 00:23:46 Journey from first study 00:27:30 Stimulating immune system with FMT 00:39:09 Chemotherapy, pancreatic cancer and the microbiome 00:48:29 Novel cell therapy and chemotherapy 00:49:02 Future of immunotherapy 00:52:32 Immune therapy response in cancer treatment 00:55:41 Antibiotics and cancer treatment